Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
New research suggests that pandas may be at risk of dying out because they are too comfortable. Experts say too much happiness can stop the bears from searching for new mates.
Environmentalists have long believed that building roads or homes near the bears may threaten their survival by “reducing or fragmenting their natural habitats”, The Times reported. But the new research suggests that a “modest degree of discomfort and fragmentation” may actually help preserve panda populations.
The research was conducted by scientists from Michigan State University. It concluded that pandas fail to wander off in search of new mates if they find their habitat too comfortable, resulting in a lack of vital genetic diversity.
For their study—outlined in a paper in the journal Conservation Biology—the team looked at genetic diversity and spread among a Chinese panda population. The ideal level of perfectly livable habitat was found to be only 80% of an area, with the remainder either too harsh or too affected by human activity.
The experts concluded that pandas should ideally “be happy enough to thrive, but not so content that they don’t want to move around and find new mates”.
Their conclusions about what The Guardian described as this “sweet spot” are in line with the so-called Goldilocks principle: that there can be just the right amount of something. The concept has been applied to a wide range of disciplines, from developmental psychology to economics and engineering.
Claudio Sillero, a professor of conservation biology at Oxford University, told the newspaper that the new findings could have implications beyond panda conservation.
“Most large animals that eat meat live in increasingly fragmented landscapes,” said Sillero, who was not involved in the research. “It may well be that the messy nature of their relationship with human efforts induces more animals to scatter or travel further, and might result in greater genetic connectivity and enhanced population persistence.”
The most recent count of pandas found that there were more than 1,800 left in the wild, putting them on the list of vulnerable, but not endangered, species.
[46] 新的研究表明,熊猫可能因生活得过于舒适而面临灭绝风险。专家称,过度安逸会导致熊猫不再寻觅新配偶。
[47] 据《泰晤士报》报道,环保主义者长期以来一直认为,在熊猫栖息地附近修建道路或住宅,可能会通过“减少或割裂它们的自然栖息地”威胁它们的生存。但这项新研究指出,“适度的不适与栖息地碎片化”实际上可能有助于保护熊猫种群。
[47] 这项研究是由密歇根州立大学的科学家们开展的。[48] 研究得出结论:若熊猫发现栖息地过于舒适,它们就不会迁徙寻找新配偶,从而导致关键的遗传多样性缺失。
研究团队在《保护生物学》期刊的一篇论文中概述了此项研究:他们考察了中国一个熊猫种群的遗传多样性与分布情况。结果发现,理想状态下适宜生存的栖息地面积应占总面积的80%,其余部分要么环境过于恶劣,要么受到人类活动的影响过大。
专家总结道,熊猫的生存状态理想情况下应该是“舒适到足以繁衍,但又不至于安于现状而不愿迁徙寻觅新的配偶”。
[49] 《卫报》将这一结论称为“最佳平衡点”,与所谓的“金发姑娘原则”不谋而合:凡事都存在一个恰到好处的程度。这一概念已被广泛应用于从发展心理学到经济学、工程学等诸多领域。
[50] 牛津大学保护生物学教授克劳迪奥·西莱罗向该报表示,这项新发现的影响范围不止在熊猫保护领域。
[50] 西莱罗并没有参与此项研究,不过也表示:“大多数大型肉食动物都生活在日益碎片化的环境中。它们与人类保护活动之间错综复杂的关系,很可能会促使更多动物分散或迁徙到更远区域,从而可能提升遗传连通性并增强种群存续能力。”
最新的熊猫数量统计显示,现存野生熊猫数量逾1800只,这使它们被列入易危而非濒危物种名单。
What do we learn from new research about pandas?
问:关于熊猫的新研究,我们了解到什么?
定位:原文第一段第一句明确指出新研究关注熊猫因过于安逸而面临灭绝风险。
解析:
What can we conclude from the new research by scientists at Michigan State University?
问:从密歇根州立大学科学家的新研究中,我们可以得出什么结论?
定位:原文第二段和第三段聚焦于密歇根州立大学的研究,对比传统观点与新发现。
解析:
What is the experts’ conclusion regarding pandas?
问:专家针对熊猫得出的结论是什么?
定位:原文第三段详细阐述专家关于栖息地舒适度与熊猫迁徙行为的结论。
解析:
What can we infer from the passage about the Goldilocks principle?
问:从文中关于“金发姑娘原则”的描述可以推断出什么?
定位:原文第六段将新研究结论与“金发姑娘原则”联系起来,强调其适用性。
解析:
What can the new findings do according to Professor Sillero?
问:根据两类罗教授的观点,这些新发现能起到什么作用?
定位:原文倒数第二、三段引用两类罗教授的评论,探讨新发现的更广泛意义。
解析:
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